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Friedrich Miescher and Nuclein
In 1869, Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher discovered a microscopic substance in the pus on discarded surgical bandages. Finding the substance in the nuclei of cells, he called it nuclein. In 1919, Phoebus Levene identified base, sugar and phosphate, calling it a nucleotide unit. In 1937, William Astbury showed X-ray diffraction patterns proving that DNA had a regular structure. In 1928, Frederick Griffith's discovery that traits of one form of Pneumococcus could be transferred to another form of the same bacteria clearly suggested that DNA carried genetic information. Then Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty identified DNA as the transforming principle in 1943. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase confirmed DNA's role in heredity in 1952 when the Hershey-Chase experiment showed that DNA is the genetic material of the T2 phage.
In 1953, James D. Watson and Francis Crick, working with X-ray diffraction images taken by Rosalind Franklin and the information that the bases were paired, suggested the first accurate model of DNA structure in Nature. Their discovery of the structure of DNA opened the door to molecular biology and modern genetics. All of this was started by Friedrich Miescher and his microscope in 1869.
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